Identity and school adjustment: Revisiting the “acting White” assumption

It has long been offered as an explanation for the achievement gap between White and African American students, that African American youth would do better if they adopted a Eurocentric cultural values system. Unfortunately, this theory, along with a great amount of the established literature on minority youth identity development, depends on a deficit-oriented perspective to explain the discrepancy between African American and White students. This is problematic be-cause the perspective denies minority youth a culturally specific normative developmental per-spective of their own, and instead, compares their experience to the normative developmental processes observed in White children. This article invalidates that perspective with a Phenomenological Variant of Ecological Sys-tems Theory (Spencer, 1995) approach to a study of African American secondary school stu-dents. These students, contrary to the traditionally offered “acting White ” assumption, show high self-esteem and achievement goals in conjunction with high Afrocentricity. Further discus-sion of the study stresses the importance of considering the undeniable influence of culture and context. It makes obvious the need for researchers and policymakers to focus on the contextual challenges facing these youths to have a better understanding of and to institute better teachin